The Influence of In Vivo Metabolic Modifications on ADMET Properties of Green Tea Catechins–In Silico Analysis

The health effects of green tea are associated with catechins: (?)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), (?)-epigallocatechin, (?)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, and (?)-epicatechin. An understanding of compound absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity characteristics is essential for explaining its biological activities. Herein, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties of in vivo detected metabolites of green tea catechins (GTCs) have been analyzed in silico. The influence of metabolic transformations on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiles of GTCs corresponds to the effects of size, charge, and lipophilicity, as already observed for other small molecules. Mutagenic, carcinogenic, or liver toxic effects were predicted only for a few metabolites. Similar to galloylated GTCs EGCG and (--)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, the sulfo-conjugates were predicted to bind at the warfarin binding site. The low free plasma concentration of these derivatives may be consequential to their serum albumin binding. The activity cliff detected for methylated conjugates of EGCG indicates that GTCs' pro-oxidative activity in bound state comes primarily from free hydroxyl groups of the pyrogallol ring B.     

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches to Explore Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Soluplus on the Crystallization Inhibition and Dissolution of Felodipine Extrudates

The objectives of this study were to explore sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Soluplus on the crystallization inhibition and dissolution of felodipine (FLDP) extrudates by bottom-up and top-down approaches. FLDP extrudates with Soluplus and SDS were prepared by hot melt extrusion, and characterized by polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results indicated that Soluplus inhibited FLDP crystallization, and the whole amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) were binary FLDP-Soluplus (1:3) and ternary FLDP-Soluplus-SDS (1:2:0.15～0.3 and 1:3:0.2～0.4) extrudates. Internal SDS (5%-10%) decreased glass transition temperatures of FLDP-Soluplus-SDS ternary ASDs without presenting molecular interactions with FLDP or Soluplus. The enhanced dissolution rate of binary or ternary Soluplus-rich ASDs in the nonsink condition of 0.05% SDS was achieved. Bottom-up approach indicated that Soluplus was a much stronger crystal inhibitor to the supersaturated FLDP in solutions than SDS. Top-down approach demonstrated that SDS enhanced the dissolution of Soluplus-rich ASDs via wettability and complexation with Soluplus to accelerate the medium uptake and erosion kinetics of extrudates, but induced FLDP recrystallization and resulted in incomplete dissolution of FLDP-rich extrudates. In conclusion, top-down approach is a promising strategy to explore the mechanisms of ASDs' dissolution, and small amount of SDS enhances the dissolution rate of polymer-rich ASDs in the nonsink condition.     

Investigating phase separation in amorphous solid dispersions via Raman mapping

The bioavailability of poorly-water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be significantly improved by so-called amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). However, the long-term stability of ASDs might be impaired by API recrystallization and/or amorphous phase separation (APS). So far, no methods have been reported to quantify APS in ASDs. In this work, phase-separation kinetics as well as the compositions of the two amorphous phases evolving due to APS were quantitatively determined for the first time using confocal Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra were evaluated via non-linear multivariate Indirect Hard Modeling and verified by differential scanning calorimetry and hot-stage microscopy. APS in water-free ASDs of ibuprofen and poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) was investigated considering the influence of temperature and polymer architecture (linear vs. star-shaped). Water absorbed at 40?°C and 75% relative humidity (RH) promotes APS which was quantified for formulations of felodipine/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and ibuprofen/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone).     

Exploring the feasibility of the use of biopolymers as a carrier in the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions – Part I: Gelatin

Biopolymers have rarely been used so far as carriers in the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) to overcome poor solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In an attempt to enlarge our knowledge on this topic, gelatin, type 50PS was selected. A screening study was initiated in which twelve structurally different poorly soluble biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) Class II drugs (carbamazepine, cinnarizine, diazepam, itraconazole, nifedipine, indomethacin, darunavir (ethanolate), ritonavir, fenofibrate, griseofulvin, ketoconazole and naproxen) were selected for evaluation. Solid dispersions of five different drug loadings of these twelve compounds were prepared by lyophilization and evaluated for their solid state properties by mDSC and XR(P)D, and in vitro dissolution performance. Even without any process optimization it was possible to form either fully amorphous or partially amorphous systems, depending on the API and API to carrier ratio. Hence in this respect, gelatin 50PS behaves as any other carrier. Dissolution of the API from the solid dispersions significantly exceeded that of their crystalline counterparts. This study shows the potential of gelatin as a carrier to formulate amorphous solid dispersions.     

新疆圆柏有效成分抑制COX-1/2、5-LO作用及对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞释放TNF-α的影响

目前,临床上常用的抗炎药物主要为非甾体抗炎药,其疗效明显,但均存在潜在的副作用[1]。因此,寻找低毒高效的新型抗炎药是药物研究的一个重要课题。新疆圆柏（Juniperus Sabina）为柏科圆柏属植物常绿匍匐灌木,广泛分布于新疆、甘肃和陕北的干旱荒山和沙地之中。据《维吾尔药志》记载,新疆圆柏枝叶和果实常用于类风湿关节炎等疾病的治疗[2]。     

新医改形势下药师参与住院药费控制成效分析

目的:通过对药师参与住院药费控制的成效分析,旨在为医改形式下药师参与药费控制提供参考借鉴。方法:在医院政策支持下,各部门密切协作,药师参与药费控制,采取系列措施:制定辅助用药目录与排他性药物目录、开展处方点评、利用信息手段实施事前干预、鼓励药师事前干预/在线干预、开展临床合理用药宣教等。统计分析药师参与住院药费控制前后西成药占比、医院自制药及中药占比、主要治疗药物及辅助用药占比、人均总费用及人均药费的变化。结果:住院西成药占比降低10.65%,达到医院预期目标。其中辅助用药下降幅度最大;零加成后主要治疗用药占比上升21.15%,医院自制药品及中药占比上升173.23%。人均药费及人均总费用较前减少不明显,符合医改总体目标。结论:新医改形式下药师参与住院药费控制成效显著,可发挥不可替代的职业价值。     

基于pH梯度载药技术的咪喹莫特脂质体的制备工艺研究

目的 根据咪喹莫特的理化性质,利用pH梯度主动载药技术制备脂质体,考察其性状、粒径、表面电荷及体外释药特征。方法 葡聚糖凝胶滤过法测定脂质体的包封率,以包封率与成型性为主要指标筛选制备方法,考察水化液的种类、pH值、离子强度及pH梯度载药、磷脂-胆固醇比例、脂药比、维生素E用量对包封率的影响;正交试验优化咪喹莫特脂质体的处方,考察脂质体样品在0~4℃下的稳定性。结果 按处方咪喹莫特50 mg、大豆卵磷脂400 mg、胆固醇130 mg、油酸10 mg、维生素E 5 mg、柠檬酸pH 2.5缓冲液5 mL,采用薄膜分散法工艺制备脂质体样品,并进行pH梯度主动载药,pH值调至7.0。制得的咪喹莫特脂质体呈白色均匀的混悬液,脂质体微粒圆整,分散性好,粒径（347±21）nm,包封率（81.2±1.9）%,Zeta电位（-12.19±1.7）mV。结论 pH梯度主动载药技术适于咪喹莫特脂质体的制备。     

复方鱼腥草合剂中3个有效成分及防腐剂的含量测定

目的 考察市售复方鱼腥草合剂的质量。方法 收集10批不同厂家生产的复方鱼腥草合剂,应用HPLC测定3个有效成分（绿原酸、连翘酯苷A、黄芩苷）及防腐剂（苯甲酸钠、羟苯乙酯）含量。结果 10批复方鱼腥草合剂中绿原酸的含量为29.74~84.13μg·mL^-1、连翘酯苷A的含量为22.69~113.44 μg·mL^-1、黄芩苷的含量为0.587~1.662 mg·mL^-1;苯甲酸钠和羟苯乙酯含量均符合标准规定。结论 复方鱼腥草合剂质量情况较乐观,但是不同批次内在质量有较大差异,现行标准的质量控制方法较简单,不能有效控制其质量,建议修订完善标准。     

海藻羊栖菜质量研究综述

目的 了解海藻羊栖菜中功效成分及外源性有害物质的分类情况,以及它们的分析方法研究进展,为本领域研究人员提供参考。方法 采用综述的方法对近几年来海藻羊栖菜的相关研究文献进行梳理。结果 主要从组成成分及外源性有害物质等方面对羊栖菜的研究进行了分析。将上述物质分别从分类、提取和检测方法等方面进行研究。结论 药食同源品种日益受到人们的关注,但目前我国中药标准不够完善,尤其对有害物质的研究仍然缺乏,建议加快相关标准的拟定。     

Multiseed liposomal drug delivery system using micelle gradient as driving force to improve amphiphilic drug retention and its anti-tumor efficacy

To improve drug retention in carriers for amphiphilic asulacrine (ASL), a novel active loading method using micelle gradient was developed to fabricate the ASL-loaded multiseed liposomes (ASL-ML). The empty ML were prepared by hydrating a thin film with empty micelles. Then the micelles in liposomal compartment acting as ‘micelle pool’ drove the drug to be loaded after the outer micelles were removed. Some reasoning studies including critical micelle concentration (CMC) determination, influencing factors tests on entrapment efficiency (EE), structure visualization, and drug release were carried out to explore the mechanism of active loading, ASL location, and the structure of ASL-ML. Comparisons were made between pre-loading and active loading method. Finally, the extended drug retention capacity of ML was evaluated through pharmacokinetic, drug tissue irritancy, and in vivo anti-tumor activity studies. Comprehensive results from fluorescent and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation, encapsulation efficiency (EE) comparison, and release studies demonstrated the formation of ML-shell structure for ASL-ML without inter-carrier fusion. The location of drug mainly in inner micelles as well as the superiority of post-loading to the pre-loading method , in which drug in micelles shifted onto the bilayer membrane was an additional positive of this delivery system. It was observed that the drug amphiphilicity and interaction of micelles with drug were the two prerequisites for this active loading method. The extended retention capacity of ML has been verified through the prolonged half-life, reduced paw-lick responses in rats, and enhanced tumor inhibition in model mice. In conclusion, ASL-ML prepared by active loading method can effectively load drug into micelles with expected structure and improve drug retention.